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GAPDH Antibody
Reliable Anti GAPDH Antibody for Western Blot Loading Control, IHC, IF, ELISA, Flow Cytometry and Functional PTM Studies.
1. Target Overview: GAPDH, Glycolysis & Cellular Signaling
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, commonly known as GAPDH, is a highly abundant glycolytic enzyme involved in the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate during energy metabolism. Because GAPDH is widely expressed across many tissues and cell types, researchers frequently use a GAPDH antibody as a reference marker for Western blot loading control and protein normalization.
Beyond its classical role in glycolysis, GAPDH is also involved in apoptosis, oxidative stress response, nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, vesicle trafficking and intracellular signaling. These non-metabolic roles make Anti GAPDH antibody products useful not only for routine normalization, but also for functional studies examining cancer biology, neurodegeneration, stress signaling and post-translational modifications.
Research Relevance: GAPDH is a reliable loading control in many standard workflows, but it may vary under conditions that alter metabolism, hypoxia, oxidative stress, differentiation or glycolytic signaling. For these experiments, researchers should validate GAPDH expression stability or use additional normalization controls.
2. What are GAPDH antibodies used for?
A validated GAPDH antibody supports routine quantitative workflows and advanced mechanistic research. Key research applications include:
- Western blot loading control and protein normalization
- Immunohistochemistry-based localization and tissue expression analysis
- Immunofluorescence and ICC assessment of subcellular GAPDH distribution
- ELISA, dot blot and quantitative immunoassay workflows
- Flow cytometry-based intracellular detection
- PTM studies, including phosphorylation, acetylation and S-nitrosylation-related research
- Protein interaction and pathway studies involving PI3K/AKT, MAPK and apoptosis-related signaling
3. Recommended GAPDH antibodies by application
Biorbyt provides polyclonal, monoclonal and recombinant GAPDH antibodies designed for Western blot, IHC, IF, ELISA, flow cytometry and functional research. The table below highlights selected products by application, format and research focus.
SKU | Product Name | Applications | Size | Price | Research Focus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GAPDH Rabbit Polyclonal Antibody – High Sensitivity Loading Control | WB, IHC-P, IHC-Fr, IF, ELISA | 100 μl | $140 | Energy metabolism, glycolysis and PI3K/AKT signaling | |
GAPDH Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody – Quantitative & Reproducible | WB, IHC-P, IHC-Fr, IF, FC, ICC | 100 μl | $220 | Cancer research, MAPK signaling and apoptosis pathways | |
GAPDH Antibody (N-Terminal) – Functional Localization Studies | WB, IF, IHC-P | 50 μl | $170 | Nuclear GAPDH, transcriptional regulation and oxidative stress | |
GAPDH Antibody (C-Terminal R248) – PTM & Flow Cytometry Compatible | WB, IF, IHC-P, FC | 50 μl | $170 | PTM detection, intracellular signaling and co-staining workflows | |
GAPDH Mouse Monoclonal Antibody – Literature-Supported Detection | WB, IHC | 100 μl | $420 | PTM and functional GAPDH studies |
4. Applications & Validation
GAPDH is typically detected at approximately 36 kDa and is commonly used in quantitative protein analysis. Choosing the correct GAPDH antibody depends on the required application, species, antibody format and whether the experiment is focused on normalization or GAPDH-specific biology.
- Western Blot (WB): Supports protein loading control, normalization and comparison of target expression between sample groups.
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC-P / IHC-Fr): Enables detection of GAPDH expression and localization in paraffin-embedded or frozen tissue sections.
- Immunofluorescence / ICC: Useful for examining subcellular localization, cytoplasmic-to-nuclear redistribution and co-staining experiments.
- Flow Cytometry (FC): Enables intracellular GAPDH detection across cell populations when validated for FC protocols.
- ELISA / Dot Blot: Supports quantitative or semi-quantitative detection workflows where product validation is available.
- Immunoprecipitation (IP): Selected antibodies may support protein interaction, PTM or complex-formation studies when validated for pull-down workflows.
5. GAPDH vs Beta-Actin vs Tubulin: How to choose a loading control
GAPDH is one of the most widely used loading controls, but it is not suitable for every biological context. Researchers should choose a normalization marker that remains stable across the specific treatment, cell type and disease model being studied.
Experimental Context | Recommended Control | Selection Rationale |
|---|---|---|
Routine protein normalization | GAPDH or Beta-Actin | Both are abundant and commonly used housekeeping proteins in standard WB workflows. |
Metabolic stress, hypoxia or glycolysis studies | Avoid GAPDH as the only control | GAPDH expression and localization may change when metabolism is directly altered. |
Cytoskeleton remodeling, migration or EMT | GAPDH or total protein staining | Beta-actin may be affected by cytoskeleton-related experimental changes. |
Differentiation or structural cell biology studies | Validate GAPDH, Beta-Actin and Tubulin | Multiple housekeeping proteins may vary during major phenotypic shifts. |
Long-term quantitative projects | Use multiple controls | Confirming more than one normalization marker improves reproducibility and confidence. |
Best Practice: For experiments involving metabolic inhibitors, glucose availability, hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis or cancer metabolism, validate GAPDH expression stability before using it as the sole loading control.
6. How to choose the best GAPDH antibody for your research
The best GAPDH antibody depends on whether your priority is routine loading control, reproducible quantification, epitope-specific detection or functional analysis of GAPDH biology.
1
Application
Match the antibody to your assay platform
Choose a GAPDH antibody validated for the intended method, such as WB, IHC-P, IHC-Fr, IF, ICC, ELISA, FC, dot blot or IP. For routine Western blot normalization, prioritize clean 36 kDa detection and low background.
2
Epitope
Select N-terminal or C-terminal detection carefully
N-terminal GAPDH antibodies are useful for full-length detection and localization studies, including nuclear GAPDH research. C-terminal GAPDH antibodies may be useful for PTM-focused workflows, intracellular detection and co-staining experiments.
3
Format
Choose polyclonal, monoclonal or recombinant monoclonal formats
Polyclonal antibodies can provide strong signal through broad epitope recognition, while monoclonal and recombinant monoclonal formats are preferred for higher consistency, defined specificity and long-term quantitative projects.
4
Species
Confirm species reactivity before ordering
Biorbyt GAPDH antibodies include options for common research species such as human, mouse and rat, with selected products supporting additional model organisms including yeast and zebrafish where validated.
7. Why choose Biorbyt GAPDH antibodies?
- High-specificity and high-sensitivity GAPDH antibody options for routine and advanced workflows.
- Polyclonal, monoclonal and recombinant formats to match sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility needs.
- Validated application coverage across WB, IHC, IF, ICC, ELISA, FC, dot blot and selected IP workflows.
- Support for loading control normalization, PTM studies, nuclear localization and functional signaling research.
- Literature-supported antibodies for improved confidence in published and reproducible workflows.
- Broad species coverage including commonly used human, mouse and rat models.
- Consistent product quality designed for long-term experimental projects and comparative studies.
8. FAQ & Companion Bioreagents
What is the difference between N-terminal and C-terminal GAPDH antibodies?
N-terminal GAPDH antibodies are often selected for full-length detection and localization studies, including nuclear GAPDH research. C-terminal GAPDH antibodies may be useful for PTM-related workflows, intracellular detection, flow cytometry and co-staining applications.
Can GAPDH antibodies used for functional studies also be used as loading controls?
Yes, but only when the antibody recognizes full-length GAPDH, produces a clean signal at the expected molecular weight and shows stable linear expression across your sample set. Validation in the specific experimental system is recommended.
When should I avoid using GAPDH as the only loading control?
Avoid relying only on GAPDH when experiments involve hypoxia, glycolysis, metabolic stress, oxidative stress, apoptosis, differentiation or drug treatments that may alter GAPDH expression or localization. In these cases, compare GAPDH with beta-actin, tubulin or total protein staining.
Loading Control Beta-Actin Antibody A widely used alternative loading control for general protein normalization and cytoskeleton-associated research. Loading Control Tubulin Antibodies Useful normalization markers for selected cell biology, cytoskeleton and differentiation-focused studies. Secondary Antibody Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (HRP) A reliable secondary antibody option for Western blot and IHC workflows using rabbit primary antibodies. Workflow Reagents Western Blot Reagents Supporting reagents for protein detection, signal development and reproducible Western blot normalization workflows.
9. Scientific Bibliography & Validation Sources
- Tristan, C., Shahani, N., Sedlak, T. W., & Sawa, A. (2011). The diverse functions of GAPDH: views from different subcellular compartments. Cellular Signalling, 23(2), 317–323. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.003
- Nicholls, C., Li, H., & Liu, J. P. (2012). GAPDH: a common enzyme with uncommon functions. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 39(8), 674–679. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05599.x
- Hara, M. R., et al. (2005). S-nitrosylated GAPDH initiates apoptotic cell death by nuclear translocation following Siah1 binding. Nature Cell Biology, 7, 665–674. doi:10.1038/ncb1268
- Barber, R. D., Harmer, D. W., Coleman, R. A., & Clark, B. J. (2005). GAPDH as a housekeeping gene: analysis of GAPDH mRNA expression in a panel of 72 human tissues. Physiological Genomics, 21(3), 389–395. doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00025.2005
- Gilda, J. E., & Gomes, A. V. (2013). Stain-Free total protein staining is a superior loading control to beta-actin for Western blots. Analytical Biochemistry, 440(2), 186–188. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.027